This formula combines two of the most powerful brightening agents in skincare: pure Vitamin C and Alpha Arbutin, both dissolved in a completely water-free formula for optimal stability. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that works to brighten skin tone and reduce signs of aging. Alpha Arbutin is a highly purified biosynthetic active ingredient that reduces the appearance of dark spots and discoloration. Notes: Vitamin C and Alpha Arbutin are less stable in water-based formulations, and it is highly discouraged to use them together in water-based formulations. This formula is water-free in a stable solution form, and may feel slightly “greasy” for a few seconds after application, although it is completely oil-free.